PDTCA 2025

“If you’ve met one person with Autism, you’ve met one person with autism” – Dr. Stephen Shore.

Session attendees will gain a better general understanding of autism and neurodiversity through a neuro-affirming, strengths-based lens. We will provide fast facts about autism and neurodiversity, and discuss how these differences can show up in educational environments like the classroom. This foundational information will then guide us into discussing some key realistic and attainable strategies that support all students.

We will use an audience engagement tool called Slido, so participants will need access to a device (smartphone, laptop, etc.)

Atelier pour les enseignants des écoles francophones et d'immersion française
Vous vous demandez pourquoi vos élèves ne progressent pas aussi rapidement que vous le souhaiteriez en lecture ? Vous aimeriez améliorer leur compréhension de la lecture ? Les résultats en écriture de vos élèves ne répondent pas à vos attentes ? Est-ce que la maîtrise de la langue orale par vos élèves pourrait être liée à ces résultats ?

Dans cet atelier, vous découvrirez l'importance de développer la langue orale chez vos élèves et comment le faire efficacement en classe. Vous repartirez avec des ressources concrètes et des idées pratiques que vous pourrez mettre en œuvre dès le lendemain dans vos salles de classe. Ne manquez pas cette opportunité d'améliorer les compétences de vos élèves en lecture et en écriture grâce à un renforcement de leur langue orale !

English description

Workshop for Francophone education teacher, FI teachers and administrators of FI programs

Are you wondering why your students are not progressing as quickly as you'd like in reading? Do you want to enhance their reading comprehension? Are your students' writing results falling short of your expectations? Could your students' mastery of oral language be linked to these outcomes?

In this workshop, you will discover the importance of developing oral language skills in your students and how to do so effectively in the classroom. You will leave with tangible resources and practical ideas that you can implement as soon as the next day in your classrooms. Don't miss this opportunity to improve your students' reading and writing skills through strengthening their oral language abilities!

This seven-course meal provides all the nutrition necessary for students young and old to grow strong and healthy algebraic brains. This sensible approach helps all students understand algebra by taming concepts such as variable, substitution, algebraic properties, equation solving, and systems of equations. This activity has been tested and proven by hundreds of teachers in diverse classroom environments.

Join this essential session tailored for school administrators, where we delve into effective strategies for overcoming burnout and fostering a culture of healthy leadership. Discover how to lead with renewed passion and purpose, creating an environment where admin, teachers and students thrive. This session will provide you with practical tools to support your staff, enhance student success, and sustain your energy and clarity in leadership. Don't miss this opportunity to rejuvenate your approach and make a lasting impact on your school community.

Use the FREE Alberta Tomorrow platform to explore Alberta’s glaciers and watersheds through videos, interviews, 360 Tours and lesson plans on glacier loss, Climate Change, ice core analysis, isotopes analysis, persistent chemicals, glacier features, water quality, and more. Use the Climate Change Scenarios to explore 3 different future climate change scenarios and the impact they may have on the landscape, environmental, social and economic factors. View temperature and precipitation maps and experiment with management practices to see how they can impact our C02 emissions in the future.

Conservation agriculture represents a crucial approach to sustainable farming, particularly in response to local climate and weather dynamics. Explore the principles and practices of conservation agriculture, emphasizing its adaptive strategies in the face of environmental challenges such as droughts, floods, fires, windstorms, and more. By minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, optimizing water use, and employing sustainable harvesting techniques like crop rotation and companion planting, conservation agriculture not only enhances agricultural resilience but also supports stable plant and animal populations over time. Attendees will gain practical insights and resources to effectively incorporate conservation agriculture into their teaching, preparing students to become future leaders in sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship. By equipping educators with the tools to integrate these principles into their classroom. This session will empower educators with practical knowledge and resources to integrate conservation agriculture concepts into their teaching, thereby cultivating a generation of informed students about agriculture.

War is a complex and emotionally difficult subject to cover deeply and effectively in class, but it can be done in a caring, engaging, and inspiring manner that promotes enduring lessons learned.

During this Canadian military history education session hosted by Valour Canada, attendees will observe different strategies and tactics teachers can employ in their classroom to increase student buy-in and more effectively educate about Canada's military history. Pedagogically speaking, the audience will see how hands-on, experiential learning (using scenarios presented to the students) can be used to elicit deeper critical thought from participating students. Methods for integrating discussion about positive citizenship will also be explored during this session.

At least two of the following activities will be demonstrated for the audience: The Sinking of Llandovery Castle (WW1; Gr. 4 and up), The Battle of Vimy Ridge (WW1; Gr. 4 and up), and D-Day: Operation Neptune (WW2; Gr. 8 and up). All resources referenced during this presentation are freely available online.

This poster display, created by pre-service teachers from the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary will provide opportunities for both conference delegates and pre-service teachers to engage in a professional dialogue around current trends and issues in education. This session will be of interest to current professionals to view examinations on relevant issues that offer an opportunity to re-conceptualize teaching and learning as a collaborative, interdisciplinary practice focusing on real world problems and issues that impact students in schools.

A number of the staff and Banded Peak School regularly use the outdoors as a space to engage students and enrich learning. Join a group of our Grade 1-8 teachers in a day of sharing and collaboration with respect to the outdoors. Our full day session will be comprised of smaller sessions aimed at different age levels, but will be applicable to all educators interested in using the outdoors as a place to teach and learn.
Ever wanted to inspire your students by bringing the curriculum to life? This session will show how we created an outdoor garden and learning area at Banded Peak School in Bragg Creek. The learning space, which we call ‘Growing Learners’, includes six raised garden beds with pollinator houses and three huge log picnic tables. We will show you how you can meet various curricular strands by creating an outdoor gardening area, while teaching, learning, and growing outdoors. We will outline how we were applied for and won grants for funding and how we have continued to further develop the space each year. Although this project was a grade 1-2 initiative at Banded Peak School, any grade level could create an outdoor classroom such as this. We look forward to sharing this enriching project with you!
Join us for an active and insightful session on the power of Outdoor Education. Our team of Grade 3/4 educators will share their innovative approach to integrating all curricular strands, while using the outdoors as the classroom. This will include hands-on learning, approaches to physical education and wellness, practical implementation, and reflective practices. Let us show you how a week in the outdoors can enrich students’ academic understanding and overall well-being. Come prepared to spend the day outside! This session is ideal for educators looking to innovate their teaching practices and foster a deeper connection between students and the natural world. The Outdoor Leadership program has been a fundamental part of the grade 7/8 years at Banded Peak School for nearly a decade. Join us for some fun activities outside that you can use to engage your students and start an outdoor leadership program.
This session will be held at Banded Peak School, 230257 Highway 22, Bragg Creek, AB and has a session fee of $10.50. ​Pre-Registration Link​​​

Alberta Parks has teamed up with the Calgary Regional Consortium for the second year to offer multiple outdoor, land-based sessions that will inspire your teaching and support personal wellness. This year, three sessions are available at the Fish Creek Environmental Learning Centre, located at 13931 Woodpath Road, SW Calgary. Please note, teachers are encouraged to car pool as parking is limited. The sessions are offered twice (morning and afternoon) as described below:
1. Take the New K-6 Science Curriculum Outside (am and pm)
2. Exploring Literacy and Numeracy Outdoors: A Multisensory Adventure for Grades K-2 (am) / Gr 3-6 (pm)
3. Nature’s Path to Wellness – for you and your students.

Did you join us last year? Come again - there will be new ideas included! Space is limited and pre-registration is required. Simply chose two sessions (morning and afternoon) from the options below.

Morning Sessions (9:00-11:30 am)
Please choose 1 session (Maximum 25/session)
Session 1: Take the New K-6 Science Curriculum Outside
Session 2: Exploring Literacy and Numeracy Outdoors: A Multisensory Adventure for Grades K-2
Session 3: Nature’s Path to Wellness – for you and your students.

Afternoon Sessions (12:30 -3:00 pm)
Please choose 1 session (Maximum 25/session)
Session 1: Take the New K-6 Science Curriculum Outside
Session 2: Exploring Literacy and Numeracy Outdoors: A Multisensory Adventure for Grades 3-6
Session 3: Nature’s Path to Wellness – for you and your students.

Session Descriptions:
Session1: Take the New K-6 Science Curriculum Outside
Did you know that the word “land” shows up 845 times in a search on the new LearnAlberta website of all subjects within the Kindergarten to Grade 6 curriculum? It’s true! What better way to learn about and from the land than to spend a day of professional learning being inspired and activated at the Fish Creek Learning Center! This half day session will be offered in the morning from 9:00 – 11:30 and a REPEAT session will take place from 1:00 – 3:30 pm. While at the Fish Creek Environmental Learning Centre, we will help answer your curriculum questions through engaging learning experiences that bring the learning to life. We’ll overview the new science curriculum and highlight possible learning outcomes you can take outside for each Organizing Idea. We will explore simple and practical ideas to help you get out of the classroom while promoting physical and mental wellness benefits for your students. Along the way, we’ll also consider opportunities to integrate other subjects like ELAL, Math and Visual Arts to make your outdoor learning experience more engaging, efficient and effective. If you’d like to help your students be more connected to the natural world this school year, then this session is for you.

Objectives for this Session:
• Honor the land on which we are learning and the Indigenous peoples who have cared for the land
• Develop a strong understanding of the K-6 Science Curriculum and consider ways to take the learning outdoors in meaningful, manageable ways
• Share stories and build community to connect us to the land
• Explore, walk and talk about pedagogy, learning outcomes and concepts that bolster our science confidence
• Play some outdoor games that connect to curricular objectives

Session 2 (am): Exploring Literacy and Numeracy Outdoors: A Multisensory Adventure for Grades K-2
Join us for an inspiring journey into the outdoors, where literacy and numeracy come alive under the open sky! In this engaging workshop, we will equip kindergarten through grade 2 teachers with strategies and practical ideas to integrate literacy and numeracy with the curriculum into an outdoor learning environment. Come prepared to be active and involved in the experiences.

Session 2 (pm): Exploring Literacy and Numeracy Outdoors: A Multisensory Adventure for Grades 3-6

Join us for an inspiring journey into the outdoors, where literacy and numeracy come alive under the open sky! In this engaging workshop, we will equip grade 3 through grade 6 teachers with strategies and practical ideas to integrate literacy and numeracy with the curriculum into an outdoor learning environment. Come prepared to be active and involved in the experiences.

Session Highlights:

1. Nature's Classroom: Discover how the great outdoors can become your classroom as we explore the benefits of taking learning beyond the four walls. We will discuss the impact of outdoor learning on student engagement, creativity, and overall well-being.
2. Literacy in the Wild: Dive into strategies for fostering literacy skills outside, including nature-based storytelling, journaling, and vocabulary development. We'll show you how to utilize the natural world to inspire a love for reading and writing.
3. Math in Motion: Explore the endless mathematical possibilities in the outdoor setting. From counting natural objects to solving problems, we'll explore math concepts through hands-on activities that make numbers and shapes truly come alive.

Session 3: Nature’s Path to Wellness- for you and your students
Alberta’s Provincial Park System and the land provides a natural space to rejuvenate and to fuel your teaching practice. This session is dedicated to fostering personal wellness through nature-based activities, which you can also implement with your students to create a balanced, healthy learning environment. During this session, you'll explore:
• Sensory Exploration: Engage in exercises that heighten awareness of your surroundings through all five senses, enhancing mindfulness and presence.
• Reflective Practices: Participate in activities like nature journaling, guided meditation, and quiet contemplation to support mental well-being and emotional balance.
• Interactive Games: Participate in games that foster teamwork, communication, and stress relief, which can be easily adapted for classroom use.
• Storytelling: Experience the use of storytelling to connect more deeply with nature and promote mindfulness, creativity, and reflection.
Immerse yourself in these activities to rejuvenate your own well-being and gather tools to foster a wellness-centered learning environment.

This session has a participant fee of $10.50 for the day.
Pre-Registration Link

Excited about Thinking Classrooms but struggling with curriculum implementation? Don't worry! Join us for a session where we delve into methods for designing and deploying curricular tasks. While our primary focus will be on mathematics, we'll explore how these strategies can be applied across various content areas. Geared towards participants familiar with the fundamentals of Thinking Classrooms, this session offers actionable steps to propel your practice forward.

Students need to learn and grow the near-world skills of critical thinking, literacy, and questioning through their experiences in an online (asynchronous or otherwise) learning environment. In other words, we are nurturing students to actively read, write, think, and create while leveraging AI to support, enhance, and fuel all this. No science can tell us what the future will be, so it is vital to ensure students have foundational thinking and learning skills.

How? By moving learning beyond worksheets and paper-based assessments.

Would you trust a doctor who scored highly on a paper test but failed all levels of practical assessment? No.

Our students deserve to move into life after high school with more than ‘paper learning’; they need to understand how to critically think, collaborate, innovate, create, learn from, question, and leverage AI to future-proof themselves in an ever-evolving world.

As educators, it is critical to consider how diversity, inclusion, and equitable our practices are. But how can we ensure that a curricular focus lives alongside a social-justice approach? Join ACEE staff to learn about climate justice, and how to include multiple perspectives when teaching about the climate and environment.
Learning Outcomes:

Understand that Climate change is a human rights issue, not just a global and scientific one

Understand how positionality impacts how we view and understand global issues

Gain tools on how to approach topics with students from a justice perspective

Soumettriez-vous vos élèves à un examen sur les fonctions trigonométriques sans les avoir préalablement enseignées? Pourtant, c’est souvent ce que nous demandons aux élèves lorsque nous évaluons l’oral. Ils sont notés sur des critères qui n’ont pas été explicitement enseignés. Bien au contraire, il est souhaitable d’enseigner l’oral aux élèves avant de les évaluer ; par l'entremise d’ateliers formatifs par exemple et en leur permettant de réinvestir ces apprentissages lors de jeux qui favorisent la prise de parole. Ce sont des habiletés essentielles qui leur permettront de se démarquer dans leur environnement de travail. Aidez vos élèves rafiner leurs stratégies de communication en participant à cet atelier!

Healthy students learn better and achieve better outcomes. The comprehensive school health (CSH) framework is Alberta’s roadmap for school health and wellness. CSH begins with you, right in your classroom! Join us for an engaging discussion on hot topics that directly impact you and your students. Together, let’s demystify CSH and explore strategies that enhance well-being and learning for students and staff in your classroom – leading to meaningful and lasting change.

PLEASE BRING TECHNOLOGY TO THIS SESSION!! Join us for an enriching session designed to revolutionize your teaching approach with cutting-edge technology. Drawing from 14 years of experience since graduating from the University of Alberta, we have found and curated time-saving techniques and harnessed the power of various websites to manage the demands of our profession. Expect hands-on exploration of these websites and resource sharing in smaller groups to encourage collaboration. Throughout this session, you'll have dedicated time to explore and experiment with these websites and share valuable resources. Participants will leave with practical tools and ideas ready to implement in their classrooms immediately.

We’ve all had those ADHD brains in our classroom who can’t motivate themselves to work without a significant fire under their butt. But we don’t have the time to stand over a child or the energy to intimidate them into finishing their work.

Stop taking away recess, begging or pleading, or sending work home (where it never gets finished anyway). Lean into what actually motivates the ADHD brain to complete tasks. We’ll discuss ways to work with the ADHD brain instead of fighting against it. You’ll empower kids to leverage the skills they do have without adding hours to your own workload.

Explore the foundations of environmental education tailored for high school students. Join the Alberta Council for Environmental Education in this workshop designed to equip teachers with the knowledge and resources to seamlessly incorporate environmental education into their high school science and social studies curriculum. Topics covered in the curriculum links include nature and place, Indigenous knowledge systems and perspectives, and climate change.

Bullying remains a pervasive issue, but traditional methods of intervention often fall short. In this presentation, we’ll:

Explore the root causes of bullying, delving into the thought processes behind it—whether it’s habituation or adaptation.
Critically assess three common anti-bullying strategies and their shortcomings.
Introduce the innovative Dissolve Strategy, which targets the intangible causes of bullying and how to repair the harm caused by bullying.
Outline a path toward genuine resolution by leveraging insights into brain function and unconscious confrontations.
Discuss the transformative Admit and Repair approach, showing how both victims and bullies can achieve growth and generativity, creating a future where everyone comes out ahead.

Join us to learn how to break the cycle and foster a healthier, more compassionate environment.

This easy-to-teach yet mathematically rich activity has been used in many classrooms to maximize mathematical understanding. Students develop incredible fluency with mental mathematics applied to fraction, decimal, and percent representations using this powerful strategy. Adaptations extend the lesson from arithmetic through algebra. A ready-for-Monday handout is available.

One of the leading questions in modern astrophysics is how do stars and planets form and evolve? As a discipline that is primarily driven by technology, the technological advances that we see all around us have been contributing to equally significant advances in our capabilities to observe the formation of stars and planets in the Universe.
I will review the physics of star and planet formation, provide a summary of the number and type of planets detected to date and discuss how our strategies have evolved in the search for Earth 2.0.

Have your students asked, “Why did Canada fight in Afghanistan?” They’re not alone. Most Canadians don’t fully understand Canada’s commitment to the war in Afghanistan. As chief of operations of a NATO joint operations centre in downtown Kabul, I dealt with many countries’ armies. Fighting a modern war within an alliance is complex, to say the least. Join me to find out about the geopolitics that didn’t make the news.

Assessment is pivotal to student learning, extending far beyond conventional tests and products. In this session, we'll emphasize its significance, exploring assessment in its broader context. We'll delve into the practical aspects of triangulation—employing diverse assessment methods to gain a holistic view of student progress. Furthermore, we'll equip participants with essential skills for curriculum mapping and share strategies to streamline the assessment process for teachers in grading and reporting while optimizing student learning. Join us for an engaging session that offers a fresh perspective on assessment professional development, promising valuable insights for all attendees.

Why (+Assessment in Building Thinking Classrooms)?
While this session is intended for all teachers, no matter their current practice and experience, it should be a keen interest to those currently engaging in Building Thinking Classrooms and wanting to improve their assessment practices.

In this double session Rita and Kari will start by introducing you to the world of Minecraft Education Edition. Even if you have taken a look at this resource in the past, the updates to the lesson library and pre-built worlds are worth taking a second look.

The first half of the presentation aims to introduce educators to MEE, a powerful tool for enhancing student engagement and learning across various subjects. Attendees will be given an overview of the platform’s features, benefits, and pre-built resources.

For the second half, participants will be encouraged to have installed the Minecraft Education software so that they can follow along with Rita and Kari as they explore and demonstrate specific lessons and how to integrate them into their classroom.

Understanding and engaging with difficult teens can be challenging, but it’s essential for fostering their growth. This presentation will:

Uncover why teens exhibit challenging behaviors, exploring the impacts of synaptic pruning.
Delve into the critical importance of communication, highlighting common pitfalls and learning health communication strategies.
Examine the nature of conflict and identify the five primary causes, equipping you with tools to recognize and address these issues.
Explore how to use simple tools such as weed killing, unconscious confrontations, communication guidelines and understanding uniqueness to dissolve conflicts and help you understand what motivates your student intrinsically.

Join us to gain practical insights and techniques to transform your interactions with teens, promoting a positive and supportive environment for their development.

Alberta Health Services health professionals will discuss vaping and nicotine pouch use amongst youth.

Participants will learn:
• Trends in and prevalence rates of e-cigarette use for school aged youth in Alberta
• Best practices for preventing nicotine use
• An overview on nicotine pouches
• Marketing tactics targeting youth
• Grade appropriate prevention education for schools
• A summary of available resources for students and teachers to prevent and reduce nicotine use by young people

Join members of the executive of the Council for School Leadership as we attempt to cut through the noise and dive deep into issues that truly matter to Alberta Leaders. This conversation based session aims to engage in candid conversations and collaborative problem solving for today’s leaders. In this fast paced session we will showcase opportunities available to expand your leadership network and brainstorm new opportunities to support leaders in today’s ever changing context. Throughout this session we will have real conversations about some of the biggest challenges facing leaders today and work together to determine the best path forward. We invite you to join us as current and active leaders facilitate meaningful discussions to impact how we lead tomorrow.

Don't all science teachers wish we had a list at our fingertips of proven labs or demos, rather than always trying to come up with something on our own? Join in once again in collaboration with other Junior High and High School science teachers across the districts and a variety of classrooms and divisions to share your knowledge or expertise (or sheer lived-out experience) of what works and what doesn't work. Participants are asked to come prepared with a digital list of your favourite 'go to' demos and labs (including materials and procedures) for any Div 3 or 4 science class that you teach. The intention is to collaborate with one another and to leave with a great list of labs or demos that anyone can pull from, given the amount of time and/or resources you may have.

In this session we will explore discussion around creating and sharing boundaries and how this can improve our confidence, relationships, mental health and quality of life. We share common misconceptions around boundaries and share kind, clear strategies for both setting boundaries and receiving boundaries from others. We share the neuroscience behind Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to facilitate psychological flexibility, discuss the mind/body connection and then discuss how to communicate with the people in our lives both professionally and personally to bring back joy in our lives.

Come, sit down and strain your eyes with your peers as we learn basic painting techniques on 18 mm miniatures. These miniatures can be used in a plethora of board games and role playing games and are yours to take home afterwards.
This session has a participant fee of $5.25. ​Pre-Registration Link​​​

Scary pictures, silence, fear and loathing are the sex-ed of the past! Bring your classroom into the modern era through effective, inclusive, and comprehensive sexual health education. In today's digital age, students have unprecedented access to information at their fingertips, anytime and anywhere, so it’s crucial to be prepared to talk about sexting, pornography, and consent. We’ll showcase practical teaching strategies, valuable conversation tips, and curated resources to support today’s sex ed classroom. By the end of this session, you will feel more confident and prepared to meet students where they are and foster meaningful and inclusive discussions about sexual health.

Busy, overworked, and overwhelmed? Looking for better work-life balance so that you can have time for yourself again? Let's hack your brain through this experiential workshop to learn speed reading and other time management hacks that will put you back in the driver seat of your schedule.

Explore practical ways artificial intelligence (AI) enhances K-8 literacy education. Join me to discover how AI tools personalize learning, boost student interest, and make teaching easier. Discover user-friendly AI literacy tools that improve reading, writing, and language skills by adapting to each student's needs. Imagine receiving instant feedback on student work and using interactive programs that keep kids excited about learning. Consider how Ai might be used to engage ELL students. By attending, you will gain simple strategies to integrate AI into your lessons, making teaching more effective and engaging while also helping you make informed decisions based on student progress data. Don't miss this chance to learn how AI can revolutionize literacy teaching, creating a vibrant learning environment that inspires students to excel.

This 1-hour session will explore some of the practical ways in which Grades 7-10 teachers can model and scaffold for readers and writers the skills needed to more actively and meaningfully engage with texts of all kinds. Teachers will come away with tools and strategies that enable students to make visible to us the often-invisible process of comprehending, a process that can’t always be captured by a standardized multiple-choice assessment. Tannis will also provide a brief overview of Pearson’s new Literacy Success Assessment (Grades 7-10), a tool for gaining insights into how our students comprehend and communicate.

Join the Health and Physical Education Council of the ATA (HPEC) for an engaging session designed specifically for Physical Education teachers eager to explore innovative approaches to Phys Ed classes and health education. This session will provide practical knowledge and hands-on strategies that you can implement immediately in your classroom.
During this session, we will delve into essential topics such as physical literacy, emphasizing the significance of being active for life, and highlighting the crucial role of movement in overall well-being. Additionally, we will discuss the importance of fostering a sense of belonging and teamwork within physical education settings.
Get ready to leave this session feeling inspired, empowered, and ready to elevate your PE classes to new heights!

Maybe you’ve always known about your ADHD, or maybe you’ve just been diagnosed. Maybe you don’t even have a formal diagnosis yet—the fact remains that having ADHD is hard. Having ADHD as a teacher can be especially challenging.

Learn how to unlock your brain’s natural teaching superpowers and gather strategies to face your most common challenges (like the mounds of papers stacked on your desk).

I will share two successful projects that I have developed for the grade 8 science curriculum that students love. The first will be an extension of the Body Systems Unit which includes independent student prep work at home and 4-5 days of in class hands-on work. Students will be directed and work independently throughout this project, and the results are spectacular. The second project will take students through the process of water sampling techniques that engage students in some big picture thinking that promotes critical thinking based on scientific data they collect in the field. Both projects are engaging and are highlights of their science programs in grade eight.

In this session participants will work through exploring the differences between Perpetrators, Collaborators, Bystanders, and Rescuers in relation to the Holocaust, by sifting through a number of identity and situational cards. From there, they will be introduced to 3 year old Barney Greenman. Participants will then utilize the same cards to identify who was responsible for Barney’s death. This activity is Monday morning ready for participants and is an incredibly effective way to have students engage with the acts of the Nazi regime through the lens of just one child.